1. The appellant is a contractor who entered into a construction contract with the MES (Military Engineering Services) for making some additional construction in the ordnance factory at Muradnagar in the State of Uttar Pradesh. The contract was entered into at Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh. A dispute arose in regard to the execution of the contract between the contractor and the respondent, Union of India. An Arbitrator was appointed who in due course rendered an award in favour of the contractor. The contractor instead of instituting an appropriate proceeding in Uttar Pradesh where the contract was executed and the work was carried out, instituted a proceeding on the original side of the Delhi High Court. By this proceeding the contractor prayed for making the award a rule of the court under Sections 14 and 17 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1940. The respondent raised a plea to the effect that the Delhi High Court had no jurisdiction inasmuch as the cause of action had arisen at a place in Uttar Pradesh and that the contract was also executed at Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh. The learned Single Judge negatived this plea. The respondent Union of India preferred a Letters Patent appeal to the Division Bench of Delhi High Court which allowed the appeal and set aside the order of the learned Single Judge upon reaching the conclusion that the Delhi High Court had no jurisdiction. This view was taken having regard to the fact that in the opinion of the Division Bench of the High Court the Union of India was not carrying on any "business" in the Delhi so as to attract Section 20 (Other suits to be instituted where defendants reside or cause of action arises. - Subject to the limitations aforesaid, every suit shall be instituted in a court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction -(a) the defendant, or each of the defendants where there are more than one, at the time of the commencement of the suit, actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business, or personally works for gain; or


(b) any of the defendants, where there are more than one, at the time of the commencement of the suit, actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business, or personally works for gain, provided that in such case either the leave of the court is given, or the defendants who do not reside, or carry on business, or personally work for gain, as aforesaid, acquiesce in such institution; or


(c) the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises.) of the Code of Civil Procedure which inter alia provides that a suit may be instituted where the defendant "carries on business or works for gain", as contended by the appellant contractor. In forming this opinion the High Court placed reliance on its earlier decision in Binani Bros. (P) Ltd. v. Union of India (ILR [1975] 2 Del 196)


2. Learned counsel for the appellant has contended that the view taken in Binani Bros. case (IlR [1975] 2 Del 196) is not correct. Having given our anxious consideration to the submission urged on behalf of the appellant, and having perused carefully the judgment in Binani Bros. case (ILR [1975] 2 Del 196), we are of the view that the Delhi High Court was perfectly justified in reaching this conclusion. We do not propose to reiterate the same reasoning in our own words. More so as Delhi High Court has discussed the matter in an admirable manner and the reasoning which has appealed to the High Court is unexceptionable. Under the circumstance we can do no better than to quote from the judgment of the Delhi High Court the relevant passages


The next question is whether the Union of India carried on business or worked for gain through the Director of Supplies and Disposals, New Delhi to confer jurisdiction on the courts at Delhi. The answer has to be in the negative. The expression "voluntarily resides" in Section 20 is significant. It necessarily refers to natural persons and not to legal entities. Likewise, the expressions "carries on business" or "personally works for gain" do not refer to functions carried on by the Union of India is discharge of its executive powers conferred by Article 298 of the Constitution. While Article 299 of the Constitution provides that all contracts made in the exercise of the executive power of the Union shall be expressed to be made by the President clause (2) of this article states that the President shall not be personally liable in respect of any contract or assurance made or executed on his behalf. The President, therefore, cannot be said to be personally working for gain within the meaning of Section 20 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Justice Prithvi Raj in Insortex Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India (Suit No. 394 of 1967, decided on May 4, 1971), relying on R. J. Wyllie and Co. v. Secretary of State (AIR 1930 Lah 818 : 126 IC 514), Dominion of India v. M/s R. C. K. C. Nath and Co., Khulna (AIR 1950 Cal 207) and Azizuddin and Co. v. Union of India (AIR 1955 Mad 345 : (1955) 1 Mad LJ 316 : ILR 1955 Mad 912) had taken the same viewReference in this connection may also be made to the observations in Badrinarayan v. Excise Commissioner, Hyderabad (AIR 1962 AP 382 : (1962) Andh WR 133) with which we respectfully agree insofar as they go in relation to suits other than suits against Railway. On para 383 of the report, the Bench observed


Section 20 CPC has in contemplation people dwelling within the territorial limits of a court and persons indulging in commercial activities within that area even if they do not dwell therein. This section in plain and unmistakable language conveys that idea. The words "actually and voluntarily" cannot reasonably apply to legal entities. That being so, it is difficult to bring the government within the import of the expression "the defendant.... actually and voluntarily resides "


In this case the appellant was an 'abkari' contractor for certain villages in the district of Nalgonda. A penalty of Rs. 9767/8 - was imposed on him by the Excise Superintendent for the alleged tapping of 145 toddy and 500 sindhi trees without paying the excise duty. After he failed in his appeal to the Collector and the Excise Commissioner and his representation to the Minister, he filed a suit at Hyderabad impugning the levy of penalty as ultra vires, illegal and void. It was urged that as the government enjoyed monopoly in regard to 'abkar' business it should be deemed to be carrying on business at Hyderabad within the sweep of Section 20 CPC. The contention was rejected. The court said


We consider that in gathering the revenues from various sources, the government acts in its sovereign capacity and not as a commercial body. The collection of abkari revenue is not undertaken by a private corporation and much less by private individuals. Therefore, the concept of carrying on business cannot be imported into activities of this descriptionShri G. R. Chopra, placed strong reliance on Union of India v. Ladulal Jain (AIR 1963 SC 1681 : (1964) 1 Mad LJ (SC) 38 : (1964) 1 Andh WR 38). This appeal arose out of a suit filed against the Railway for non-delivery of goods. In para 7 on page 1683 of the report, the court observed that "the expression ' voluntarily resides or personally works for gain' cannot be appropriately applied to the case of the government" but having regard to the fact (as stated in para 11 on the same page of the report) that "private companies and individuals carried on the business of running railways, prior to the State taking them over" it was held that the running of railways would not cease to be a business when they were run by government and so the court within whose jurisdiction the headquarters of one of the railways run by the Union was situated had the jurisdiction to try the suit. In the instant case, we find that there is nothing no record to show that the Director of Supplies and Disposals, New Delhi carried on business at Delhi. It is relevant in this context to refer to the observations of the Supreme Court in Director of Rationing and Distribution v. Corporation of Calcutta (AIR 1960 SC 1355 : 1960 Cri LJ 1684 : (1961) 1 MLJ (SC) 88). In this case at the instance of the Corporation of Calcutta, summons under Section 488 of Bengal Act 3 of 1923 as substituted by the later Act 33 of 1951 were issued by the Director of Rationing and Distribution representing the Food Department of the Government of West Bengal. The offence complained of was the "using or permitting to be used " certain premises for purposes of storing rice without a licence. By way of preliminary objection the contention raised was that the prosecution was not maintainable in law. An argument was raised on behalf of the Corporation that the State as recognised by Article 300 of the Constitution was a legal person and was capable of having rights and was subject of obligations, and therefore, the complaint was competent. In answer to the claim of immunity for the State as a sovereign power it was urged that this immunity could not be claimed when it embarked on a business and in that capacity was subject to penal provisions of the statute equally with the other citizens. On page 1360-61 the court saidThis question was not raised below and has not been gone into by the High Court, nor is it clear on the record, as it stands, that the Food Department of the Government of West Bengal, which undertook rationing and distribution of food on a rational basis had embarked upon any trade or business. In the absence of any indication on the contrary, apparently this department of the government was discharging the elementary duty of a sovereign to ensure proper and equitable distribution of available food stuffs with a view to maintaining peace and good government


This case was specifically noticed in Union of India v. Ladulal Jain (AIR 1963 SC 1681 : (1964) 1 Mad LJ (SC) 38 : (1964) 1 Andh WR 38) in para 15 of the report but was distinguished primarily on the ground that it concerned the sovereign activities of the State. We do not read the cited cases, therefore, to be laying down the rule that the courts at Delhi will have jurisdiction in regard to all disputes relating to all contracts executed by Union of India simply because the Union has its 'office' at Delhi


3. We are in full agreement with the reasoning and conclusion of the Delhi High Court reflected in the aforesaid passages. Learned counsel for the appellant has urged that the Delhi High Court has not properly appreciated the ratio of the decision of this Court in Union of India v. Ladulal Jain (AIR 1963 SC 1681 : (1964) 1 Mad LJ (SC) 38 : (1964) 1 Andh WR 38). We are unable to accede to this argument. We concur with the view of the High Court that the decision in Ladulal Jain case (AIR 1963 SC 1681 : (1964) 1 Mad LJ (SC) 38 : (1964) 1 Andh WR 38) is inapplicable in the backdrop of the facts of the present matter. In Ladulal Jain case (AIR 1963 SC 1681 : (1964) 1 Mad LJ (SC) 38 : (1964) 1 Andh WR 38) the court was concerned with the activity carried on by the Railway Administration which was held to be "business " activity. The Supreme Court has drawn a distinction between the commercial activities of the state on the one hand and the discharge of the

sovereign functions of the State on the other. The decision in that matter has been rendered in the context of business activity carried on by the Union of India namely running of the Railways and not in the context of a sovereign activity carried on by the Union of India. In the present case the contract pertained to construction of an ordnance factory for the Military Engineering Services of the Armed Forces (modernisation and argumentation of the ordnance factory). Maintaining the armed forces is part of the sovereign activity of the state. It is an activity which is undertaken by the Central Government for ensuring the security of India which is a sovereign function of the State. It is specious to contend that it is a 'business activity ' with an eye on profits. Under the circumstances the view taken by the Delhi High Court cannot be taken exception to. The appeal must accordingly fail. It will be open to the appellant to institute a fresh petition for making the award a rule of the court in an appropriate court in Uttar Pradesh within ninety days from today. In case such an application is instituted it will be treated as having been instituted within time. The appeal is disposed of accordingly. There will be no order regarding costs.