M.N. CHANDURKAR, CJ


Even after hearing the learned counsel for the appellants at considerable length we are not satisfied that there is any infirmity in the order of the learned single judge. In his order the learned judge has held that the petitioners are bound to appear in pursuance of the summons under Section 108 of the Customs Act, 1962 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) and that they are not entitled to have the presence of a lawyer at the time when their statement is recorded. As we fully endorse the reasons given and the view taken by the learned Judge while dismissing the writ petitions, we do not think it necessary to deal in extenso with the arguments advanced before us. However, since the matter has been argued at considerable length we might briefly indicate the two contentions and the reasons for rejecting them.


2.The first contention was that a summons under Section 108 of the Act cannot be issued unless an enquiry as contemplated by Section 124 of the Act is commenced by a notice to show cause as to why either the goods should not be confiscated or that penalty should not be imposed on the persons concerned. Reliance has been placed for this view on the decision of the Gujarat High Court inUnion of Indiav. Abdul Kadar Abdulgani (1985 Crl. LJ 324) Central Government rep. by theDirector, Enforcement Directorate, New Delhiv.Alfred James Femandez 1987 (31) ELT 902, 1987 AIR(Ker) 179 ) andPukhrajv. K.K. Ganguty (AIR, 1968 Bombay 433). In the decision of the Gujarat High Court that Court had held that the stage of recording of statements under Section 108 arises only when an inquiry is started either for confiscation of the goods or for imposing penalty and this is very clear from the wordings of Section 108. That Court also held that so far as Section 107 is concerned it takes care of investigatory emergencies. Reliance for this view has been placed on the decision of the Supreme Court inBalkrishna Chhaganlal Soniv. State of West Bengal 1974 CAR 44, 1974 (80) CrLJ 280, 1973 CrLR(SC) 771, 1983 (13) ELT 1527, 1974 (3) SCC 567, 1974 SCC(Cr) 45, 1974 (2) SCR 107, 1974 SCC(Cri) 45, 1974 ACJ 13, 1974 AIR(SC) 120). The Kerala decision was a decision which dealt with Section 40 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973


3.Now insofar as this Court is concerned, the scope of Sections 107 and 108 of the Act was considered by a Full Bench of this Court inCollector of Customsv. K. Bhirumal Pahlajani (1987 I MLJ 408). Dealing with Sections 107 and 108, the Full Bench observed that what Section 107 contemplates is a less formal and rigorous type of enquiry by the Customs Officers, whereas Section 108 contemplates an enquiry which is almost parallel to the enquiry under Section 171-A of the old Sea Customs Act. Section 171-A was considered by this Court inRainbow Trading Co.v. Collector of Customs 1963 AIR(Madras) 434). In that decision a Division Bench of this Court has pointed out that from the setting of Section 171-A it appears that the Section is enacted to facilitate an enquiry to find out whether an offence had been or is being committed, and it may lead to a prosecution before the criminal Court, if an offence is disclosed or the Customs authorities might consider it sufficient to impose an administrative penalty without prosecuting the offender. InR.C. Mehtav. West Bengal 1999 (110) ELT 324, 1970 AIR(SC) 940, 1969 (2) SCR 461, 1970 (72) BomLR 787, 1970 CrLJ 863, 1961 AIR(Bom) 227, 1968 AIR(Cal) 28, 1971 (2) SCJ 123 at 466) while dealing with the provisions of the Sea Customs Act, 1878 it was observed as follows:


"Under the Sea Customs Act, a Customs Officer is authorised to collect customs duty to prevent smuggling and for that purpose he is invested with the power to search any person on reasonable suspicion (S. 169) to screen or X-ray the body of a person for detecting secreted goods (S. 170-A); to arrest a person against whom a reasonable suspicion exists that he has been guilty of an offence under the Act (S. 173) to obtain a search warrant from a Magistrate to search any place within the local limits of the Jurisdiction of such Magistrate (S. 172); to collect information by sommoning persons to give evidence and produce documents (S. 171-A); and to adjudge confiscation under Section 182. He may exercise these powers for preventing smuggling of goods dutiable or prohibited and for adjudging confiscation of those goods. For collecting evidence the Customs Officer is entitled to serve a summons to produce a document or other thing or to give evidence and the person so summoned is bound to attend either in person or by an authorised agent, as such officer may direct, and the person so summoned is bound to state the truth upon any subject respecting which he is examined or makes a statement and to produce such documents and other things as may be required. The power to arrest, the power to detain, the power to search or obtain a search warrant and the power to collect evidence are vested in the Customs Officer for enforcing compliance with the provisions of the Sea Customs Act." *


4.The above observations will indicate that the power to collect information by summoning persons to give evidence and produce documents contained in Section 171-A of the Sea Customs Act, was an independent power. InRamesh Chandrav. State of W.B. 1999 (110) ELT 324, 1970 AIR(SC) 940, 1969 (2) SCR 461, 1970 (72) BomLR 787, 1970 CrLJ 863, 1961 AIR(Bom) 227, 1968 AIR(Cal) 28, 1971 (2) SCJ 123the Supreme Court dealing with Section 171-A of the Sea Customs Act observed as follows: -


"Under Section 171-A of the Sea Customs Act, a Customs Officer has power in an enquiry in connection with the smuggling of goods to summon any person whose attendance he considers necessary to give evidence or to produce a document or any other thing, and by clause (3) the person so summoned is bound to state the truth upon any subject respecting which he is .examined or makes statements and to produce such documents and other things as may be required. The expression 'any person' includes a person who is suspected or believed to be concerned in the smuggling of goods." *


5.The power under Section 108 of the Act like the one under Section 171-A of the Sea Customs Act would be exercised for the purpose of obtaining any information with regard to the alleged smuggling. Section 108 itself contemplates an enquiry as will be clear from the decision inP. Rustomjiv. State of Maharashtra 1971 CAR 305, 1971 (1) SCC 847, 1971 SCC(Cr) 345, 1971 (S) SCR 35, 1971 (77) CRLJ 933, 1983 (13) ELT 1443, 1971 SCC(Cri) 345, 1983 E(LT) 1590, 1971 AIR(SC) 1087), in which it was pointed out that a Customs Officer making an enquiry under Section 107 or 108 of the Customs Act is not a police officer and the person against whom enquiry is made is not an accused person. Thus the enquiry made under Section 108 is an enquiry in connection with the smuggling of any goods and in any such enquiry a Customs Officer of gazetted rank has been given the power to summon any person to give evidence. The object of such an enquiry is to ascertain facts with regard to smuggling of goods. A person who is summoned under Section 108 may have nothing to do with the actual smuggling of goods although he may know other relevant facts regarding such goods. That is why even a person who has nothing to do with actual smuggling of goods can also be summoned in an enquiry under Section 108.


6.InBalakrishna'scase, it is undoubtedly observed by the Supreme Court that while the normal .process of enquiry is facilitated by Section 108, investigatory emergencies are taken care of by Section 107. In the same decision, it was pointed out that the provision of Section 107 was wide in its terms and was designed to facilitate the investigatory process by examination without restriction on person, place or time. This was in the context of the contention that interrogation under Section 107 could be only of the potential delinquent or whether it must be confined only to witnesses who threw light on the delinquent's contravention of the law. The words 'any person' in Section 107 were construed as covering every person including a suspect and potential accused. It is not possible for us to construe these observations as laying down that Section 108 can be invoked by the Customs authorities only in a case in which a notice under Section 124 of the Act is issued. In the instant case, as will appear from the facts the Customs authorities were enquiring into the truth of the statements made by Hariprasad who was found in a hotel room along with three other persons from each one of whom gold biscuits had been seized. Hariprasad is the son of one Vittalnathan, who is the appellant in Appeal No. 1015 of 1987. He had been absconding. Hariprasad is alleged to have stated that he had gone to the hotel at the instance of his father who was a working partner in the shop of one Rajagopal and he had come to the room to receive all the 90 gold biscuits with the intention of transporting them to his residence at No. 141, Raja Street, Coimbatore. These biscuits, according to Hariprasad were to be handed over to Rajagopal who is the appellant in W.A. No. 1017 of 1987. A statement with regard to earlier transaction in gold was also made by him. An enquiry is now being made for the purpose of verifying the truth or otherwise of these statements, and the appellants have been served with summons under Section 108 of the Act.


7.The provisions of Section 40 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act which are stated by the Division Bench of the Kerala High Court to be identical to the provisions of Section 108 of the Act do not seem to be as general in character as the provisions of Section 108 of the Act. While Section 108 of the Act refers to an enquiry in connection with the smuggling of any goods Section 40(1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act refers to 'any investigation or proceeding under the Act' the word 'proceeding' is not to be found in Section 108 of the Act. The observations of the Bombay High Court do not, in our view, run counter to the view that Section 108 could be availed of by the Customs Officer while making an enquiry of the kind that is being made in the instant ease. The enquiry is expressly in connection with the smuggling of goods. Such an enquiry is expressly permissible by Section 108 of the Act and for such enquiry the Customs Officer is, on the terms of Section 108 of the Act, entitled to require any person to give evidence. The question as to whether this will be followed up by any proceeding relating to confiscation of goods or imposition of penalty does not arise at the present stage.


8.There is also no substance in the other contention raised that the persons summoned under Section 108 should be permitted to be accompanied by a lawyer. So far as this Court is concerned, the matter has been extensively dealt with by the decision of this Court inAnil G. Merchantv. Director of Revenue Intelligence- 1985 ELT 292 (Mad.). This Court has pointed out that there is no right in the person examined under Section 108 of the Act to have a lawyer present at the time of interrogation because the investigation has necessarily to be secret and even the identity of the person interrogated or examined may have to be kept secret until a late stage of the investigation. It was pointed out that the person interrogated under Section 108 may be a person involved in the commission of any offence or may be a person who only knows some facts or about somebody also committing it who is in the nature of a witness unconnected with the offence.


9.It was then argued that the appellants could not be arrested on somebody else's statement. Whether the a

ppellants will be arrested or not is not a matter which can be gone into at the moment and there is no reason to assume that the Customs authorities will abuse their powers. 10.A grievance is made that when witnesses are examined under Section 108 of the Act, they are examined at any time of the day and that they are kept in one room. These are all matters of hypothetical consideration, though we might make it clear that it was stated on behalf of the respondents that the witnesses are examined only during office hours. 11.In the result, all the appeals are dismissed. There will be no order as to costs. 12.The Hon'ble C.J. & M.S.J. - After the judgment was delivered, the learned counsel for the petitioners has mentioned to us that he had argued that a witness summoned under Section 108 of the Customs Act cannot be compelled to write down his own statement. Such a contention was raised and has been overlooked. We have heard the learned Senior Central Government Standing Counsel also. We have not been able to find any authority in any provision of law which can compel a witness to write down his own statement. 13.It is open to the Customs Officer to ask questions and whatever answers are given by the witness can be taken down by the Officer.